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母豬在哺乳期的最佳狀態(tài)
查看次數(shù)：8242
時間：2019-09-25Kyler R Gilbreath，Gayan I Nawaratna，Tryon A Wickersham，M Carey Satterfield，F(xiàn)uller W Bazer，Guoyao Wu
翻譯&校對：上海亙泰實業(yè)集團
近年來，基因、營養(yǎng)和健康狀況的改善推動了母豬生產(chǎn)性能的提高。為了滿足母豬日益增加的需求，在一系列的營養(yǎng)解決方案中，仍有一些營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)未得到充分利用，碳水化物酶類就是其中之一。養(yǎng)豬戶需要母豬來飼養(yǎng)健康、生長迅速的小豬。在哺乳期，母豬的能量需求急劇增加。然而，在分娩后的最初幾天，飼料攝入量是有限的。在這些重要的代謝變化期間，身體儲備的調(diào)動是必要的。母豬最大的挑戰(zhàn)是在不損失太多體內(nèi)蛋白質(zhì)儲備的情況下恢復(fù)生產(chǎn)，母豬產(chǎn)奶性能對仔豬的健康成長起著至關(guān)重要的作用。從經(jīng)濟角度看，斷奶時窩仔數(shù)和窩仔重是母豬未來生產(chǎn)性能的一個指標。如果母豬在仔豬斷奶時身體狀況不佳，它們將需要更長的時間才能恢復(fù)生產(chǎn)。因此，需要進一步優(yōu)化飼料攝入量和營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)利用。
在泌乳母豬日糧中添加碳水化合物酶復(fù)合物可以提高泌乳期間蛋白質(zhì)和能量的消化率。由于哺乳母豬的飼料攝入量是一個問題，在現(xiàn)有配方的基礎(chǔ)上添加酶，以最大限度地從日糧中釋放營養(yǎng)。然而，直到現(xiàn)在，關(guān)于這方面的科學(xué)研究相對較少。因此，我們進行了多項科學(xué)研究，以評估特定的碳水化合物酶復(fù)合物在不同條件下對泌乳母豬機體狀況、營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)消化率和仔豬性能的影響。
研究包括八個試驗，采用meta方法進行綜合分析。根據(jù)胎次將母豬分為三組：組1為初產(chǎn)母豬、組2為二三胎母豬、組3為4胎及以上母豬。
研究顯示，1）在泌乳期間所有母豬體重平均減輕21kg，與組2比較，組1和組3母豬體重損失明顯減少。碳水化合物酶復(fù)合物的添加降低了所有胎次組的母豬體重損失（見圖1），平均每頭豬降低了3kg的體重損失，相當(dāng)于其體重的1-2%。飼喂初產(chǎn)母豬碳水化合物酶后，其機體儲備比例損失明顯降低。這些變化可以用更好的飼料消化率來解釋。
圖1. 碳水化合物酶復(fù)合物降低了所有胎次組母豬的體重下降
2）在高、低密度日糧中，碳水化合物酶復(fù)合物的添加均可提高干物質(zhì)、有機質(zhì)和能量消化率。這意味著母豬能夠從食物中獲得更多的營養(yǎng)。在4種日糧處理組之間，干物質(zhì)攝入量的統(tǒng)計是相同的，故這些影響與干物質(zhì)的攝入量無關(guān)。然而，飼料和能量的攝入量隨胎次的增加而升高了。與多胎母豬相比，飼喂對照飼料的初產(chǎn)母豬能量攝入量較低，體重減輕較多。凈能量攝入、體重變化與窩增重之間存在明顯的相關(guān)性。
3）在飼喂母豬碳水化合物酶的結(jié)果中，更高的凈能攝入量是與體重損失進行評估和比較的。取決于母豬的胎次和機體狀況，在生長和產(chǎn)奶性能之間，能量的分配是不同的。研究表明，增加初產(chǎn)母豬的凈能攝入量主要是為了改善它們的身體狀況，而不是為了產(chǎn)奶，出現(xiàn)這一現(xiàn)象，與初產(chǎn)母豬發(fā)育不完全有關(guān)；這樣將有助于其降低體重損失，保護它們的長久性能。在多胎母豬方面，由于其更高的背膘厚度，更重要的是其產(chǎn)奶性能的優(yōu)化和仔豬健康的提高。
4）仔豬窩增重受采食量的影響，特別是在初產(chǎn)母豬組（由于其對生長和身體儲備的需求更高）。添加碳水化合物酶增加了斷奶時仔豬的窩增重（見圖2），這個影響在多胎母豬組更明顯，這可能是因為機體重量和窩增重的不同，或者是營養(yǎng)分配的差異。斷奶時仔豬的體重是衡量其未來生長性能體現(xiàn)的一個指標，良好的開端是高效生長、機體健康和最佳屠宰時間的關(guān)鍵。
圖2 .碳水化合物酶復(fù)合物增加了所有胎次組仔豬的窩增重
研究證明，為了使母豬能夠更好地哺育仔豬及在仔豬斷奶后能以良好的身體狀況恢復(fù)生產(chǎn)，母豬需要攝取足夠的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)來產(chǎn)奶，而不是為了降低體重損失。盡管在哺乳期開始時增加了飼料的攝入量，母豬仍然會損失10%的體重。減少身體儲備的損失對隨后的生殖周期有重大影響。因此，提高母豬營養(yǎng)攝入量的方法將有利于健康和經(jīng)濟效益。
從meta分析看出，很明顯，添加碳水化合物酶復(fù)合物是一種解決方案，以減輕由母豬高生產(chǎn)力造成的影響。補充物降低了母豬的體重損失，增加了飼料的消化率；通過增加每天的能量攝入，碳水化合物酶有助于母豬的發(fā)育；它還導(dǎo)致了仔豬窩重的增加，這是預(yù)測豬只未來生長性能的一個指標，對養(yǎng)豬戶來說具有重要的經(jīng)濟意義。
Pig producers need sows to rear healthy and fast-growing piglets. A sow’s biggest challenge is to do that without losing too much body protein reserves, so that she returns to service quickly. Therefore, feed intake and nutrient use need to be optimised.
The digestibility of sow diets is affected by their capacity to digest non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs). As anti-nutrients, they reduce digestibility of the diet by nutrient entrapment, changes in diet viscosity and fermentation in the high gut. Carbohydrase addition is virtually standard in broiler diets and common in growing pig diets. Nutritionists, however, do not always value its effect in adult animals like sows. However, their use is justified since sow feed is usually highly fibrous and feed intake often limited.
Performance aims of sows
During lactation, the sows’ energy requirements increase dramatically. However, feed intake is self-limited during the first few days post-farrowing. During those significant metabolic changes, the mobilisation of body reserves is required. If this negative energy balance persists, then sows lose weight and milk production is affected. This is detrimental to both the sow and her piglets.
Quantity and quality of sow milk play a key role for the health and growth of her piglets. From an economic point of view, the number and weight of a litter at weaning, is an indicator of the future performance of sows. If sows are not in good body condition when their piglets are weaned, they will take longer to return to service. If the cycle repeats, long term reproductive performance is reduced along with her longevity in the herd. Adding a carbohydrase complex in lactating sow diets has been shown to increase the digestibility of protein and energy during lactation. With feed intake an issue for lactating sows, enzymes are added on-top of the existing formulation to maximise nutrient release from the diet. Up until recently, however, there were relatively few scientific studies to this approach. Therefore, several scientific studies were conducted, to evaluate the effect of a specific carbohydrase complex* on body condition, nutrient digestibility and piglet performance in lactating sows, under different conditions. These studies were included in a meta-analysis, consisting the eight trials. The results are presented below.
Parity principles
Parity has a large effect on a sow body condition at both the start and end of lactation. Being younger, primiparous sows have less body reserves to draw on. Sows in their first and second parities also are often not eating enough feed to meet their requirements for energy and amino acids. In the meta-
analysis, sows were put into three groups based on parity. Group 1 contained primiparous sows; group 2 was made up of second and third-parity sows; sows at parity four or higher were put into group 3.（轉(zhuǎn)自：豬營養(yǎng)國際論壇）
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